Hawking Radiation First Anniversary — Part II

0:00 Hello against the grain with me. And it seems to me also that there really isn't, if I take these two processes, that is the normal way to build up black holes, and the Hawking process to get rid of them, that although the equilibrium state may look pretty well saying you should run the clock the other way, you don't sort of fall into the hole, you stay well away, now you're going to create it here. And, well, it seemed to me that physically these things weren't really quite the same, because if one does consider the equilibrium, if you consider the fluctuations, then it's not at all clear. In fact, such a thing that might happen is that if you wait for a long time, the black hole will sometimes grow a bit and then settle back, sometimes it will shrink a bit and settle back. If it shrink just a bit too much, it will get to the point The temperature is much too high and it can't recover. It will then zip down and disappear completely into the food. And there will be a lot of radiation coming out of it like this. And that will be the way in which these things disappear occasionally. They won't do it very often. But very occasionally, the black hole sitting in the box will disappear with that peculiar kind of a poop. And now if you look at that the other way around, what you have to imagine is that the gas is sort of... Somehow the glyphos disappear, now you ought to get it back again. How, what's the most likely way in which it will come back again? Well, according to this picture, the most likely way is that suddenly all the particles, you get a lot of particles coming in with just the right kind of energy which can be used, all aimed at like inches of points here, and bam, then you get that thing, and it has to keep on coming in too. It grows out, it grows out until you get over the hump, and then it produces a white hole or a black hole. It seems to me that this, I don't want to go into this in any great detail, but just that my instincts were very much against this being the most likely way in which a black hole would form, whereas Stephenson states were very much the other way around. He thought that the thermodynamic principles were so important that one had to hang on to the idea that the running the cup backwards per equilibrium state had to be the same as running the cup forwards.

2:30 He thought that was more important to hang on to that than to hang on to the space-time description. Let me take my point of view for a little bit, and I want this to show the way it seems to me that things might hang together with what we're looking at. To come back to the question of the thermodynamic theory and distributing that to the difference in the structure of singularities in the past and singularities in the future, we go back The picture of the initial Big Bang and the singularity inside of the black hole, they are in fact very different in a certain effect. Let's say, if we take the, as likely, the initial Big Bang was something very close to Friedman's model Big Bang, and perhaps the absence of little black holes and various things we've been hearing about might be regarded as an indication that the initial singularity was in fact very close to the Friedman model singularity. If this is so, then it seems that we have a situation in which the conformal curvature is zero in the initial Big Bang, whereas in the final singularity, what one expects is the nature of the TBA. When I say what that's what one one expects, in a sense that's what one expects from thermodynamic considerations. You have a collapse with no regularity assumed and you have to look and see if what happens, how do you expect the curvature to build out. And what seems likely is that the normal curvature will get very large and in this respect you have something very different from the initial and the final state. It apparently has something like, in the initial case, the initial singularity, absence of correlations of different parts of the initial band surface, this is the situation here, and the final collapse, lots of correlations between what's going on. And this is the sort of thing that one might expect to drive the second law. So the second law of thermodynamics seems to me might easily be related to some essential of the initial and final singularity. And then I would say that the Hawking box is not

5:00 time-symmetric. The physics that one puts into here and into here are really quite different. And the reason that this has to do with the fact that you have, in fact, a final singularity of this type, whereas the Ico-Big Bang singularity the one we had at the beginning, in time reverse, the whole picture, you have lots of initial singularities, and some of them which just dominates, and some which doesn't dominate, and some which you see goes to zero. The grand one is like this, and the white hole ones will be like this. All right, let's just follow this through. Then I might say, if you're Even looking at vacuum polarization or something, where you can't consider virtual black holes, then there ought to be a lack of time symmetry there. And so, laws of physics ought to have a time asymmetry into them, built into them in some way. Now, this is just a sort of wild suggestion, but perhaps the time asymmetry that is observed and k-lock particles may have something to do with this sort of thing. It seems to me that one can't ignore, as one tends to in this sort of discussion, the fact that k-particles are time asymmetric. We've only noticed a very tiny effect, but nature doesn't normally work like that, that there must be some place where this time asymmetry is an enormous effect. It's only that the interaction or whatever it is that's responsible or is something which plays no role, or almost no role, in normal present day physics. Then I might take the view that near the Big Bang, a physics, which is not time symmetrical, for some reason will be playing a very important role. And so the idea is to get back to the top. We ask the question, why do we have C north in the past and C large in the future? Perhaps it has something to do with the type of physics that goes on near the singularity. So this timey cemetery in the local physics would have to somehow be responsible for the sort of physics that's going on in the Big Bang and the final singularity. Well, this is a lot rather speculative, but it seems to me this kind of a picture might conceivably have some relevance to the whole problem.

7:30 And then we have questions like this. What about baryons and antibaryons? Maybe if we have timely asymmetry, we're going to have all these things violated. You see T violation coming here. You really, I hate to say this, you need TCP violation, as far as I can see, in order to make this whole thing work, because the really decently, in the time, you need decently not to be violated. So we have to have all these violated in some processes. For other reasons, I'm not too unhappy about this. I'm unhappy about this. That's another thing. Well, I think that's right. Was the idea that we're closing things and then was it wait long enough and then it would come up again or was it that one comes back in time and then we'll get to that? It just says it's very unlikely to happen. I mean, those black folks are going to disappear, so it's clear that way. But occasionally, black folks are going to disappear. I mean, that's very, very scary. But it's turning out to television. But in this process, I mean, in the collapsing black hole situations, how do you say, the loss is in which the archimmetry, the relief of the value of the use of more entomphiography? That's right. But when you think about barons against anti-barons, you know, I was thinking about barons as matter, I mean, as anti-barons. So again, this is a question of the probabilism. I mean, if you did argue, and I probably would suggest to represent you, that, I mean, normally if I don't come out,

10:00 the very occasionally you will get, It's a bit like what you might say in thermodynamics, that if you put a kettle full of water on the gas plane, there is a very small probability that the water will form ice. That's right. It's extremely rare. I think there's not such ideas behind it. That's right, yes, yes. So it tells that the physical laws are the same one way as the other way. It's something in statistics which is telling you that the people don't realize. Well, there is the other thing that I just thought about the client. Something with a little difference. You said exactly one TIF, you said there was a compact picture. Well, I'm not sure about, it's not completely, I think they've written, I think I can see roughly why it's true, I'm not sure I can, you can prove, I don't know if it's wrong for you though. I'm not sure I was attached to it at the moment. Richard? One asymmetry that may be in the box problem is whether particles have only retarded fields, like if the particle shakes a couple of particles and they gradually go off to the future. Is that asymmetry still in the problem or is it just space-time? But when you're considering something in a box with reflective walls, you don't really look up to infinity, so it isn't really an advancement. If you consider an ordinary radiation gas in there, then the advancement side of the problem is just the idea is not the same thing.

12:30 I think there is something to do with that, because if you have a black hole situation, then information disappears onto that singularity, and in effect you have a solid regulation in which you can cross through the hole inside. The question is whether can it have a box which is reflecting from the gravitational point of view? Well that actually, I know there's a whole area of problems to do with how you build that box. And I don't think that was already before. It should be, but it just doesn't make sense. There was a work by Hussar, I think, around 1952. It seems to have been an hour of time. The fact that the universe was expanded. I don't think it can even really solve it, because it really will happen if you fall into a black hole. What will you get close to this singularity? Let your time start going in the other direction. Well, no, because the universe is practically. I think that's very hard to exercise. Thank you. What it really means, if you talk about the energy of the whole universe, it really means to know what the contributing is from the straight time itself, and this is normally the North, and I think it's a great future, but this has to do with the fact that the

15:00 I think we just told me, as you're saying, I might... All the other speakers have been welcome. The ecology began with galaxies, and this conference is going to end with galaxies. And we have for you three talks, one before lunch and the other two after lunch, in which we have galaxies... And I'm sorry again to have come back to everyone who's been late, but unfortunately we're very sorry that the job is done as well and we won't be able to keep it short. But I'm sure all our students will be able to have a discovery and don't be able to take it. And then we're going to begin now talking about that very illusible, incredible problems in the formation of galaxies, and then once you've formed them, after lunch, Dr. Gott is going to bring them together into small groups, and finally, after that, Dr. Gull will tell us what goes on between the galaxies. So now it's my pleasure to ask Thank you. from different singularities at late times of, say, 1-7, after the time of reformation of the first 10 years,

17:30 so I think, went to 1,500 or so. And during this now, this long period, we've mentioned small scale of regularities After matter reclined, it enables small objects to indense out this medium. Will you speak up? Sorry. And so I think it's from a retrofit of about five times or so, the one that's looked at formation through those objects. And the problem really applies into two stages. Firstly, there's a question of general, so the perturbations, the development of the seeds from which later larger generations took place, and then there's the separate question of what the detail of the collapse was A bit of work has been done for fluctuation in the last ten years or so, but I think it's fair to say that we're still really as popular as ever as for how this came about. Now, there's unfortunately no space factory theory of the origin of the microwave background. And ultimately, there's very little more to say about whatever initial people have noticed and there's been in the distribution of microwave background on small scales. and early times on whatever one thinks did happen at that time. Basically, there are two possibilities in this field. You either have thermal fluctuations, which essentially indicate that those in various parts of the universe there was initially a deficit at early times in respect to other parts of the universe.

20:00 And these fluctuations could exist and persist on all scales, really, up to the very large scales where one has observation dimensions, rather than there are deficits that are not in only On the other hand, there could be adiabetic perturbations in the distribution of matter and radiations of the entropy of baryons in all the places in the universe would be roughly the same, although the matter density would be different, but in other words, there were fluctuations in the lower tunnel constant, and fluctuations of this type would have been stepped out sometimes during the radiation era on a scale smaller than above, so massive. because of the very important role the radiation pressure plays in the early universe in smoothing out the cosmic expansion. And this dichotomy, really, is what caused fluctuations, or what the nature of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background was, is reflected in two rather different views of the present time as to the scale on which collapse in the universe came about later on, and I'll come back to that later. There are various other suggestions of what precipitated the collapse, apart from these various relatively small deficits and surfaces or entropy density in the universe. Going back to the suggestion by our bi-secure that was in many ways not further than that, but also Odenloyck, Silk, and others worked on the suggestion that the early universe may have been a very turbulent, time-stirred environment where there were large velocity in homogeneities superposed on a smooth public expansion. There are many difficulties with this theory. I think probably perhaps the main one is threefold. On the one hand, it's very difficult to understand how in the epoch up to recombination, rate of viscosity didn't succeed in damping out all recently small-scale

22:30 turbulent motions, whereas large-scale turbulent motions are forbidden observationally. On another level, one, in making this model, was wishing to appear to the common plurals of the spectrum, the distribution of kinetic energy between eggs of different sizes. And the theoretical position of the common plurals of the spectrum is extremely uncertain, even in case a simple sub-solid turbulence of the type would have existed before the combination when the microwave background provided springiness in the universe to keep the sound speed up to the power of velocity of light. Whereas after recombination, the sound speed stuck in the universe to be small, 10.95 and 6, the velocity of light. And the kind of motions that you would require to have recombination in order to account, for example, for the angular momentum of gases now, would lead to highly supersonic motion after recombination. and there's any reason to believe that a turbulence would not have any life-former or respect for the potential possibility of establishing or respect for between, for example, work by the King and other term, possibly from that. There is also this straightforward approximation of the difficulties at the moment in the determinants theorists of the U.S.S.R. claim that you would get 100,000 distortions on the microwave back to night in the determinants of the determinants of the universities. There has also been a sort of clustering process that occurs when more statistical mechanics of a certain number of self-gravitating discrete objects which collect together into aggregates. If in the universe there were early times there were, for example, collections for small black holes, which moved around to a degree in their mutual gravitation, then these objects might cluster together as a result of the butane variances, or fluctuations in their number density in any particular volume, form bound aggregates, and these bound aggregates might then form the essential.

25:00 or ashes for further clustering, so if you plan for clusters and clusters of these objects, and in this way the scale characteristic of the clustering process might grow during the expansion of the universe, it might have moved up from the size of a small black pole, to that of clusters of galaxies by the present time. But this is in the absence of any technicalities that there are in the black holes in the universe, and the general answer is associated with the theory of the model in any case. And if you wish to do this type of operation since recombination, and you need objects the size of 10 to 7 masses at recombination typically, although the bootstrapping process of the increase in the characteristic length scale of the prism to cluster size, clusters of galaxies that is sized objects quite a great time. It's rather hard to see where to get these 10 to 7 mass objects once more than galaxies straight away. So anyway, whatever did cause the re-collapse of the conceptions of the universe, this certainly did happen, and it would seem sensible to investigate how this happened and try and derive some of the observational properties of galaxies from the collapse process as soon as it started to take place in the kind of environment that we might have supposed that this would occur. that is associated with building models of this sort, and not the least of it is associated with our certainties of what galaxies actually are.

27:30 It's all well to remember. Looking totally different. And, or logically, I think we have properties in enormous different masses, what we call galaxies ranging systems, such as Mors, Draco, which has a mass that's only in the order of six cell masses, right after gigantic things like what you see, 4889, which used to have a mass of 13 cell masses. There are also an enormous number of things, measure of the galaxy, its beautiful light, the content, its beautiful colors, its shape, and so on and so forth. And if you wish to have a sensible series of galaxy formations, you've got to have some idea of how it is to propose to develop objects with all this large range. like a two or three of the galaxies. For example, difference of and there is such classes amongst these, it's very strongly correlated with the ratio of neutral activity mass, the central mass of galaxies, whereas the first-century grid is, in some sense, very strongly correlated with the total mass of these two things, the central mass and the central mass, in some sense, not very strongly correlated. And you can get an idea of how many of these properties are in a form of a sense independent. So there's two and three different parameters. So what we're looking for really is like two or three parameters of galaxies. So you want two or three parameters of the galaxy formation. This is another one. which I'll occur in a minute.

30:00 It's also, there are also particular difficulties for what a galaxy actually is. There's a window of speculation that galaxies really is the visible tip of an iceberg of dark matter. The people in Osprey have suggested that ordinary spiral galaxies have enormous very massive halos containing possibly 100 to 100 times the prevention of the lack of mass. They think that these massive halos are necessary to come first with the rotational properties the fact that the mass, as far as as you go further out from the center, which is measured by the radiation of velocity within the disk, doesn't appear in many cases to be converging. If you go out as far as the line of radio, it has to be mass minus of the radius of this, but in some cases it's a bit more short of the radius. And on the other hand, there are theoretical problems associated with the stability of the rather thin, apparently, cold disks of the strong galaxies of the planet possessed. And as the workers have recently been suggesting galaxies are in fact subunits of what they call hybrid galaxies, very large objects containing typically, say, 10 physical galaxies various sizes, and surrounded by an enormous amount of past tens of times as much of a visible matter is the matter you've actually seen. And obviously, it's a very difficult to listen to to make the theory of galaxy formation when you have these traits of uncertainty as to what a galaxy actually is. The other, the largest conventionist uncertainty which is the redshift which is the formation of Earth. This redshift is enormously important because it determines not only the environment in which the galaxy came to be, but also the amount of binding energy released in their formation. There are two extreme views here. Either the galaxy formed at 100 or so when the mean cosmic density is in the same order

32:30 of their galaxy, a point that follows a village, and so at least the galaxies formed with a ratio of less than 10, in which case there was a very massive collapse, which could be the finding. The idea here is that there is a very rapid start The photocallactic cloud, which density is of the order of 1 cubic centimeter. And by the time this cloud has shrunk from its maximum radius down to its minimum radius, the minimum radius being determined by whatever unsmoothness is and non-spiritualness there were in the world before the time to collapse, the maximum radius, the minimum radius, the smaller of the free-fall time, 30% of the system in the time of the system. And if you assume that there is this kind of rapid star formation, so that within 1,3,4,5 in all the gas in the very galaxy is fragmented into stars, which of course have a negative cross-section of each other. You have a system, which is effectively a collision of the system, and it evolves according to the most possible equation. We've got to take a rotating view of gas clouds. So gas clouds, I think, in an assumed symmetric gravitation will be generated by mass distribution which this gas cloud has and has broken up the gas cloud

35:00 into a 2,000-point mass in its equal mass, who have essentially the mean rotational velocity of the additional configuration, plus some small random velocities, that collapse becoming singular, at its place at maximum, and collapse. It then follows this numerically with collision as both one equation and the self-resistant field, which is generated by the distribution of mass at any time, and finds that within a couple of laps of times, denominator relaxation, that's the relaxation of the restitution of energy between particles induced not by two-particle interactions with one itself, scattering of another by the redistribution of energy between stars reduced by the overall change of the mean gravitational field of the ensemble. But this redistribution of energy has virilized the energy, and the system settles down what appears to be a positive equilibrium configuration that will persist for a two-body interaction time scale, which is very much longer than the over the glass and the scale of the object. And the objects that have very good fits to the isopal, of the isotopes of observed elliptical analysis of type E0 to E5 for the magnitude of 1,000. God-Antoine, later, has been more recently extended this word by considering a system which partially, but not federally fragments into stars. They point out if you consider the rate of star formation to be proportional to the rows to the end, the rate of star formation is proportional to the rows to the end,

37:30 and greater than half. Then, in a system with a low initial density, the star formation will be less complete after one three-four timescale for a low density. the body will be rho pi, rho pi, rho pi, the pre-form time scale of the system initially at low density would be larger than the pre-form time scale of the system at high density by where this ratio is here, so that star formation will be effectively less complete after one freefall timescale in the low density system, provided the wish of star formation to force the road to one power greater than half. And one of the best guesses is that the star formation rate is the maximum of the road to one power greater than one. so that it would seem reasonable that if you took a protocalactic cloud at slightly later redshifts, the formation of an elliptical galaxy of a logistic collapse, the star formation would not be complete by a type of one-three-fourth scale that elapsed, and a certain amount gas from the left over which would collide with itself dramatically at a point of minimum collapse, though the dissipation would be in a disc would be formed from the angular momentum possessed by the clouds, and this might indeed be the reason why its burrows and ellipticals So on this model you have two parameter areas of the galaxy formation, and the two parameters of the redshift Z formation and the total mass of the system itself, the spiral support, are very different. Larson is considered spherically symmetric models by a rather different technique,

40:00 in this type of inter-deficit system, he considers collections of gas clouds joined together to form a spherically symmetric non-rotated hole, and follows their glass numerically, assuming a certain amount of dissipation when gas clouds collide with each other, and a certain amount of star formation taking place within the clouds. Stars that formed within the clouds then evolved more or less by an inclusionist way, by the bottom equation, and are ejecting all the time a certain amount of heavy metals generated by those massive stars that go through their evolutionary lifetimes, they're very much shorter timescale, the total collapse, the total collapse of the protogalaxy, and you can claim in this way to follow the atomic evolution of the protogalaxy as it collapses. the way in which the residual gas has not formed its stars, and also that gas which is ejected by the young stars that did form at those stages, the way in which this distribution of heavy elements evolves in time. By adjusting the minimal range of free parameters of the disposal, Larsen gets very good bits of the hypothetical properties of NDC 3359, and also the photometric colours of this galaxy which is determined by the distribution essentially of heavy elements of minus the star of the final form galaxy. You also find, by using this technique, the formation of the central condensation to mass and degree condensation which is adjusted by a given amount of dissipation which means for the gas experiences.

42:30 which are unfortunately not contained within the model to our models. The Fandenberg that has been around Tiffin now has found that there is usually in both digital and star galaxies a mechanistic gradient in the sense that there is a high in the center of the galaxy, and there's also a rather strong correlation in elliptical galaxies between overall mass of the galaxy, and these are two clear indications that a slightly more complicated model than that is required for the formation of these objects. The methods of the gradient was possibly quite easily incorporated into the form of one, considered simply by allowing star formation to occur gradually during about three or four times following the projections of the elements. that the formation of central condensations does imply important dissipative effects. And also, this is rather important, it implies that angular momentum does not come to dominate residual and ejected gas as it falls in towards the center of the galaxy. does have a problem that you will have the formation of a disk, and this is not observed, one does not observe disks as stored inside elliptical galaxies. This is a very important point, because we've forgotten to our account for the electricity of elliptical galaxies in terms of a relaxation effect of a rotating distribution of a system one had effectively a very hot rotating stars whereas the fact that one has not observed is inside the galaxies

45:00 It does observe rather more spherical nuclei in the case that in the gas leak system, which you may not possess, it's not going to be meant to be done by the need of their model. But it would be very, very interesting indeed to see what comes into this of the two approaches of Larson and have got. thousands of techniques are more questionable from the mathematical point of view. And you can actually see what came with a model of dissipation and chemical evolution that you see an unimpeakable evolutionary technique got. So, I'll pass on now to, there is a late formation, which donated by the IDIS, Seldovich, and Yair, and Kevich, and the U.S.S.R. These people point out that, as we heard, indeed, yesterday, there is an apparent rise in a number of 30,000 radio sources, So that the number of these objects being in top of the volume, at the top of the ones, peaks around the two to three, and that this ought to include some sort of importance if you can encourage the universe to the universe, that those red shifts are not very high red shifts. The stuff with the gas of the way it was just a pivot, we suppose. At Z less than 10, the mean density of the universe is less than, more comparable with, the mean density inside present-day clusters of galaxies, and this raises a very interesting possibility that clusters of galaxies form naturally, contemporaneously, or even before, galaxies themselves, whereas, once again, in our earlier formation of theories, galaxies are formed very much in contact with one another. and they are now separated by large distances because they have been removed from one another's proximity by cosmological expansion since their formation. This nix very nicely with what one would expect the spectrum of adiabatic fluctuations in the universe

47:30 as I mentioned, the fluctuations in scales smaller, these are adiabatic fluctuations, these fluctuations in scales smaller than the 12-cell masses will be more or less cut out by the time of recombination. And so long we expect, in fact, the spectrum of fluctuating adiabatic fluctuations later shifts will be strongly steeped between 10 to the 16th and 10 to the 12th circle mass is very much an on-scale clusters, certainly on two large-scale four-professional galaxies, whereas early-rich-of-the-worlds essentially appealed to isoflomal populations in which scale would be taking on a new value of all those things. So don't you point out that the lapse might be expected to recur the exception of the universe first on only one or possibly two principal axes of expansion of this section of the universe? This would lead one to the formation of a panicking shaped object, or an eagle shaped object in case of expansion of the seas or two axes, more or less simultaneously. The gas temperature in the universe at a bit of state 5 would be less than 1 degree temperature. And the overall collapse of a section of the universe on scale, say 13 scale masses, in only one direction in this way, would lead in the beginning to the A-level compression of the central region until its temperature was about 300 degrees Kelvin and its density about 30,000 degrees Celsius. This, when these conditions have been reached, the gas pressure of what's up, I get a compression to be equal to the ground pressure of the in-falling matter on the other side, which I might think

50:00 before, which separates the central rest of the in-falling matter. And this, the other regions, temperatures 10 to 6,000 more. So one has, in fact, one has after the last phase a picture would rather like this in terms of density As they post up here, this is the concentration of the first section through the first section in the first section in the center. The next here, the last one is the last one in the past section, the center of the series region. And the matter, having originally raised rather than a high temperature, was associated with orchard care as part of the order of the entity behind the shop, as you can see here, It will cool rather rapidly. The thickness is going from the final shock to the temperature. The temperature tends to fall in the supply of density. It will even a certain value of this. The density is about 100. It was originally speculated that the crop heating this way, the crop are outwards, particularly important maps that would ionize the reduction of media, and raise the temperature of the system to hold it. So, you can see more resistance, but this is rather unlikely, particularly in terms of the use of sats and strangers.

52:30 The betterment of the perturbation of the sky is very hard to analyze, partly because the cooling, heat conduction, and the collapse times the air is essentially reaching air, it's all comparable. This region here is very thin there under thermal pressure. And in principle, I would say, first of all, to be programmed in the plane, in objects, mass, and so is so massive. In fact, the graded in that case in the case of the picture, so if you're seeing the height of that sort of simple-minded presentation of the picture, what turning would it go after the fact of the picture of the wonder if this is actually important to meet the picture of the picture as well, and some sort of clothing for this to take place. Well, in these there is a late point of the long-term museum in the room to the binding industry of the system. Simple-minded houses based on the ratio of heat-ball and cooling times within matter of, by the way, within the photogalactic cloud, would each one believe that, or might expect immediate fragmentation of a large number of stars, and that this fragmentation would make the system of livingness and prevent the radiation of the binding energy So this would be massive galactic system, the system is anyway, masses are very much larger by the time it's more than we presently observe at the feet. So if galaxies fall at a late stage,

55:00 the fragmentation of the gas that goes galactic well, must have been a more important point. I hope one can't take place in the after about three four times, in the after, that light with itself, and some of the shocking things took this place. It's a matter of great importance to discuss how it is that in some circumstances, So this is very good with the stars, it's remarkably efficient. For example, during the formation of . In other circumstances, it's something here. It has, for example, various . Hydrogen clouds within the galaxy. If one would understand this a bit better, one would appreciate how it comes about. is that gas fragments at the start the contribution of the spanning energy ceases to be lost the system then materialized and set it down on how much angular momentum the system the suggestion Thank you. This... ...and we are preventing... ...the last... ...of... ...for a system... ...which... ...not... ...for a system... ...of... before having a little disgust.

57:30 The literacy of this view of the political courage is not due to some of the information that I would mention that it was frozenly possible that the growth in the university occurs during untold critical collapse of an initially slightly insoluble distribution of sort of collapse which was discussed before that's why I think it's a true university the dust pile on the earth, the glass, the big ocean, and if it's small, it grows up down to it, and this will lead to the dissipation of the momentum that's working in different directions, among different tendencies of construction, different degrees, and after the system has become collisionless, as we become frozen in at a county university present day it's a good work that we need to be done and that's what the problem too in our own reality there wasn't a deep very well of that there's one edge of the work to discuss the correlation between I mean, the multiplicity is, okay, that stars have different species of orbits. Stars have the highest species of orbits, and thus once it forms, presumably, the stars, that's including the one in the question. We have limited multiplicities, although, and this is taken to indicate During the start of information within the galaxy, that the galaxy was at one time between 10 and 100 times as large as it now means. So if I can sum these things up, early formation models have rather simple physics that have been quite some very fine work to be done, basically,

1:00:00 which is good for you to find the properties of the multiple galaxies. These models suggest the difference between as far on the lift of the galaxies and as far on the lift of the galaxies. Late formation models, the only one of the best developed with a physics program, are completely gas-planning or dysfunctional players, which makes it important. and this naive attack is very largely motivated by its own account to observe the evolution very strongly in the algebra which is 2 and 3 and also by the evolution of the ideobatic perturbations in the microwave that count in early times The most important thing to understand about the information from others is the fragmentation of scars and the question of what controls the loss of time information. I would like to pass on to the observational aspects and the possibility of observing young The work that we have mentioned suggests that roughly a very high portion of the and again, it's a good galaxy, were, in fact, generated or during the first free fall of time, the last time of galaxy. And if one takes this sort of figure of a space value, one would have the stars to produce these objects and it's ready for a minus five c-square of energy, nuclear energy, during this free fall, the last time of galaxy. So, particularly in early formation models, when the people collapsed times in Paris were short, this leads to young galaxies to be very bright, like Paris in the world. And both of the more mature galaxies, they might have had over 10 to 10,000 times the crisis they now are. as we give young galaxies in some of those magnitude of 20 to 26, here is possible to provide observance.

1:02:30 What would possibly fit young galaxies out on the sky? What would make one take notice of them would be their large angle of diameter. the growth of the peritone of the diet is not used to play.