L Crane, FW Lawvere, P Cartier, C McLarty

0:00 Did you know, I'm having one of those, you know, menopausal, nominal aphasia moments, you know, the guy who was the second director of Perimeter before he got kicked out, yeah, yeah, Burden, of course, Howard Burden. No, I couldn't say anything. Couldn't you? Oh, I never met him, but I heard quite good things about him. Roger Penrose thought he was a great guy, but I never met him, so I don't know of you. But he ended up, of course, getting in the mix, of course, over the years, as you probably know. No, I don't. Ah, well, the story is that he wrote a memoir, basically about the setting up of a perimeter, and about the experience of being a private administrator. And in the course of this, he was obviously from India, and he, you know, his friend had bumped on. He just didn't feel he had been sufficiently foregrounded in the story. There weren't enough references to him on each page, and therefore he got the humbling to do a new version of the project. Oh, it's because of that? Well, that's what Roger Penrose taught me, and he would not, but he's on my board if not the other way around. They were supposed to hire me there. They sent up a petition for me. They got the university to agree to a joint petition. They interviewed me and decided to hire me. Six months passed. It was about time for me to arrive, and I was on leave from my university, and I didn't know what was going on. And then they finally told me, No, we're not going to hire you. Do they give a reason? Not really. I mean, they said it was something about the people on the scientific advisory board, but they wouldn't tell me anything. Thank you for watching. They wanted to meet everybody that was supposed to get a Blackberry. You mean like you don't give them for free? Well, you give them for free, but then you have to pay $200 a month.

2:30 Everybody gets the way it's going for free. It's just that I didn't want this big over-engineered thing. You know, I don't, you know, they just asked me if you wanted a Blackberry. ...the point where it was supposed to arrive, and I showed that to Jerry Campbell. It's not just visible. And they started emailing me. And I said, well, what happened? And they said, well... So then he says to me, okay, I tell you what, we'll arrange for you to do this for one semester. This is the... Yeah, yeah. And, you know, we'll take care of the other thing later. I'm certainly going to hire you, but I don't know when. And I said, no, we don't know. May I join you? Oh, you must have found it great trouble to get there. Not very great, but a little bit. But anyway, you've got it now. No, not the whole morning. I had time to do other things, so I won't. What I would appreciate would be... Was it still at the... Oh, yeah, it was exactly where you said it would be, on top of the... But I did have a bit of a job, and you should have. Um, yeah, yeah, sure. Yes, I noticed you've been reading, doing some very interesting reading, okay. Yes, actually, I think I'll have a beer if you don't mind, we're going to have the brown one, thanks. Well, I'm glad, it took a while just to collect these. Yeah, I can imagine. Thanks very much. That's okay, once again, it's a pleasure, comrade. Which one would you like to teach us? Well, just let me make a note of them. They all looked interesting, actually. But I think probably these Wikipedias, a couple of those are Wikipedia entries, aren't they? Or is it, not Wikipedia, what's the other big online encyclopedia? Stanford Encyclopedia? It probably says at the bottom. And then I don't even need to... That's really what you would have to do. Oh, thank you, sir. Cheers. St. Andrews, the Tudor history of St. Andrews, and I'll just do a good one, and that's why it's called History Topic, a history of quantum mechanics. The other is Max Planck and, is that a Tudor as well? No, that's a JSTOR. That one I don't think you can pull down unless you have a subscription.

5:00 That looks like a MacTutor. That's another MacTutor. Yes, yes. So one is about Bose. One is about, like through the ages, relativity and the quantum era, or relativity in the quantum era. It's again these O'Connor and... Oh, yeah. O'Connor and... That's the people who are usually writing for the MacTutor. I can just Google. That will get me everything I need. That's okay. I don't need to bother you. That's great. I'll just Google those. Oh, hang on. There's one here, too. Henry Poincaré and the Quantum Theory, Russell McCormack. Oh, it's an ISIS reprint. ISIS, yeah. Oh, it's an old one. It's 1967. That's okay. I can probably look that up. Henry Poincaré and the Quantum Theory, Russell McCormack. The two M's, Isis, Volum 58, Number 1, Spring 1967. Yeah, I'll remember that. That's great. Thank you so much, Bob. There you go. That's it. Everything there. Good man. Thank you. Thank you. I hope you managed to accomplish something else. Yes, I got to the art gallery. I got to the art gallery. It was very interesting. I got lost on the subway system on the way back, but now tell me what happened with your conversation with Daniel Carr. It was very satisfactory. Oh, good. Thanks. He lives in Newton, which is quite a long way from a $30 taxi ride. Oh, my God. And he told me how to take these trains. Yeah, which I also discovered. One train walking through the snow to another. I've just been doing, I've just been learning that the hard way. But anyway, you finally got there and met him. Yeah, I will. Oh, he's a very nice, very nice man. Very nice man. I didn't realize that he's actually Dutch. He's Dutch, totally Dutch. He spent maybe two or three years in Israel. One always thought that he was real, but no, that just happened to be a dream. His wife was dead. She just died last summer, which is why he was a little bit more depressed.

7:30 You had a chance to talk to him a little bit about his work and about the origins of the, you know, the various... Why Simplicial is better than Cubicle. He has the theorems, which he knows are true in one case, but not the other. In fact, Moore's theorem on a group object is automatically a con-complex. A con-complex is an extension property of a group. For an operator, the boundary can be reversed. But a group contains an inversion operator that doesn't have the inversion. And that serves to put it together. But it works only in the... It doesn't work in other, yes, in other kinds of combinatorial models, you know, and the role of the special, you know, the concrete, we can go back to the original, you know, the literature that they have, you know, told me where to. Find a place where this is. Imagine the name of Smith, Jeff Smith, having properly explained things in a way that's well known to people. Thank you for your attention. These abstractions are always at the level of... At exactly the correct level, yes. Any light as to why he just didn't want to come and go? So is it just that he's a naturally rather shy, withdrawn person? No, he's not really shy. He prefers talking to the person all the time. I figured, yes, I figured. When he was up, he was forced for ten minutes, method-wise, to take his bicycle and listen to the first ten minutes of the talk. Know what basically it was about and not be interested in details. You could take a bicycle ride, go back and then talk to the speaker, and for the next talk you do the same thing. First ten minutes and then go take a bike ride.

10:00 He said that he had stayed, he had survived by saying no very often to annotations on the bicycle. Oh, I can understand that. That's what my wife tells me. Yes, yes, yes, there's a lot of truth in it. Keep telling me to do things that I can't quite better. Bring myself to say no to you. I let myself in for that, didn't I? Stuart, it was very kind of you to say last night that you think the meetings are getting better all the time. Yes, yes, yes. But anyway, I'm very glad you met Carl, too. Thank you. Right there. Ah, he never had graduate school. He was working in Israel on the mathematical analysis analyst for the firm that was searching for oil. He was interested in algebraic pathology, but his school was searching for oil. When Islander came for two months to Jerusalem, when he approached Islander, he immediately decided that he was going to be a crackpot, so how could he be in control if you claim he's interested in becoming a crackpot, he must be one of these crackpots. But, you know, he gave him a problem. I went home and wrote it down. Then he gave me another problem. I went home and wrote it down. So by the end of two months, he'd written up all these things, educated his teachers. And convinced Sammy that he wasn't a crackpot at all. I got him admitted to graduate school. I thought he handed in his thesis. So he was five minutes in graduate school. And I was just hurrying. It was very, you know, very amusing. I've been working on these very closely by the way. Very interesting. Picking up all the comments I've been talking about.

12:30 When you read that, you see that before... People often say that Netter was the first to understand Vatican, and this is true. In fact, Netter was probably the first person to say she was the first to understand Vatican. And she was right. She was also Peter Olberg, to cite his authority on this, he was the first to understand something really nice. But we've still, to this day, understood so little or so this way that that doesn't mean enough as much as the data can inform. But Peter Olber has written a very nice textbook on spelling out all that mathematics, but it's wrong. Peter Olber, it's very complicated stuff that you're talking about. Lie group actions on spaces and the relation to differential equations can be complicated. Peter Wilber does not mind complications at all, which is good for him when he's learning and thinking. The problem is he doesn't mind putting them in his writing either. He just doesn't realize. So, anyway, it's a good book, but not great. What's it called? I think it's called Lie Group Methods and Differential Equations. And Kozman refers a lot to his initial work on this. And during the September 11th, the storm has basically become working again. I go back to my rhythm. Sorry, I didn't hear what you said. No, you were doing the... Yes, the 11th of September, yes. And then so, visiting Manhattan.

15:00 Oh, Manhattan, I'm sorry, I just didn't catch... He was there in Manhattan, yes, yes, I've got it, I've got it, I've got it, I've got it, I've got it. Yeah, I'm sorry. Yeah, yes, of course, I'm sorry. In the dream, there was a sister dying. Oh, there. I think there are a few non-marketers that have to do with mathematics. I think the term of the term is to come back on time for the very last few years. There are a lot of people who I see have spoken, some of whom have spoken. I told my son that you... Surely for your sister's funeral you were allowed to break Shabbat. I'm sure any rabbi would tell you, any rabbi would tell you that you were. I thought you were not only authorized but obliged to break Shabak in order to save lives. Yes, I know, but I don't know enough about orthodox Judaism, but I'm amazed to learn. I think I know quite a few of these actually. Yes, yes, that's incredible. Yes, yes, yes. To quote with plenty of texts from the Old Testament. I remember a few of these. The Falasha? They were the Ethiopian Jews, weren't they, the Falashas, the Falachas? But that presumably could come under the, you know, saving human lives. But I have to say apropos, when we talk about your Protestant background, it's important to the history of mathematics. This is a particular kind of Protestantism that identifies very much with Jews in the Old Testament. Yes, which is part of why the rescue effort was so fully supported in Le Chambon and the Gros Viques with them. So this isn't just any part of the...

17:30 I didn't mention Chambon at all in the one I said. I think I said Chambon. Oh, no, it's in the tools I told you. Oh, yeah, she said it. That was a paste-and-copying job, I don't think. This is what everyone in Le Chambon now says. Everybody wants to say it was led by the Protestant ministers, but also it's very important in Le Chambon now to say all the time. But you're right, it was really... I remember that when I was a kid, my truth, the pastor would say, my duty is to teach you. And the Huguenots, when the Huguenots came to England, because obviously it was a very large Huguenot. They brought that influence with them. It wasn't exactly a sect within the Church of England, but there was a very strong dissenting sect, but they reached some kind of accommodation whereby they did consent to worship in Anglican churches, but they were Huguenots. And I'm trying to remember their name. They were very strong in a particular area of London, in Clapham and Wandsworth, in the early and mid-18th century. And there's a graveyard, there's a big Huguenot graveyard there to this day, with all the old Huguenot tombs. Even the Old Testament-based fundamentalist, Protestantism, this no longer has to be introduced. The Jews were of interest as a political device in Israel. Well, you've got the kind of Christian right, you know, the born-again crazies who are very, very pro-Zionist on the grounds that we know we're living in the last days, and, you know, they tear through the book of Revelation as justification for setting up the Jewish state... Oh, yes, completely crazy. It's just madness, of course. But I once got saddled with one of these people on one of my tours, and she spent most of the time...

20:00 They're preaching to her congregation, she was a woman minister, about how dreadful it was that Rabin had begun the peace process and the idea that the Jews, because the Jews, God has made it absolutely clear in the Bible, Jews are not allowed to give up one inch of that land. If they do, then they are, you know, once again, you know, turning their backs on God. But it's not the kind of interests of Jews that let people take Jews as their house. No, look, oh, totally not, that's the point, precisely my point, to send weapons to, you know, to the Israelis as if they didn't have enough of them. Um, I think I will actually, I think after the morning I've had. In Buffalo, yeah, in Buffalo there was a coffee house supported by some religious sects, so one could work all day there. I wrote some of my papers there, but I did notice that they had a U.S. flag and a Zionist flag side by side, and something about united we stand, so after I noticed that, I didn't go there anymore, but then it turned out that we had somehow been, I was somehow on their email mailing list. So they sent out some notice about, I forget what. And so we took the opportunity to say, well, sorry, we can't really come anymore. We don't agree. We don't support science progression. At the time when there was actually a big, big attack going on. You know, we thought that was the end of it. But they didn't have their... you know this we didn't we didn't hit reply we didn't reply at all oh oh no oh no so of course you've got hundreds of letters from the anti-deformation league attacking you

22:30 There are all sorts of levels. Some people said, hmm, maybe you're right, and others were saying, don't you understand that it's a historical destiny of the Jews to own the Middle East, and how can you possibly oppose that? So the whole spectrum is a big noise. We should have apologised for having yet to require that, but not for what we had to say. It does really pay to pay attention to which of those keys you're hitting on. But then a few weeks later, they closed down. So it looks as though we've managed to inadvertently, completely inadvertently, quit their ranks and so they're no longer being supported. They've been there for years. When I visited you guys a year ago, I went to the Prada. Yeah, of course. And then on the top of the Prada, there was a group over there. I'm making badges and stuff. It was all myself. I know much more than you could go back to when you were a young man back then. No doubt at all. I know much greater than I am. And even if I have four-thirty I might say more than a few-thirty. I believe more than each other. Yes, I can absolutely believe that because I actually had to take these people around for years and years. I know just what they're like. That was exactly my reaction to almost every single group I ever met. It was a wonderful lesson in keeping your temper and keeping your counsel. Just have it, put it there and soak it up, you know. Do they still take the Israeli officers there to indoctrinate them after? Do the officers in the Israeli army, when they complete their training course, they still take them there, do they? I like a long, long sense of history, so I kind of want to like them, thinking they're officers. Two or three thousand is all that happens. Yeah, but it's bad enough with the Serbs, you know, marching them out to Kosovo and, you know, put a little bit of compression on the speech, don't you think?

25:00 So I went and to do and then we just want to I just want to know what your what your I read in the newspaper this a few months ago. The last of us claiming to be socialists actually closed, and they stopped claiming they were officially socialists. They generally were, and generally socialists were wrong here. And yet in the 20s and 30s... Yet it's a belief that many young people have. I know, I know. And in ways it's very impressive that so many young people have still retained that strength of idealism from the 20s and 30s, when of course they were genuinely socialists. And when there was a very progressive aspect of Zionism, I would say from the time when I came to the establishment of the state, there was certainly a very progressive aspect. What is the physical experience of swimming in the desert? Because you keep bobbing on the surfskate because you can't get under the water without being surfed. And it's so salty, I imagine, it's so brackish, if you get the slightest touch of it on your lips it's so brackish. I don't know why you do that. I'd love to go to Israel, if I could. Of course, of course. You'll go with them to Israel?

27:30 Yeah, yeah. That's what I'd like to do. Supposedly it's much stronger than the salt lake in Utah. Yeah. Really, really. I think if the Egyptian army took a leap out of there, but they'd only have to go back, you know, less than half as far again, they'd have to go back to Megiddo and think, this is where you go. If you think about it, the Zionist project is absolutely extraordinary because what other group of Europeans, for the most part extremely highly educated, many of them gifted people at their time, could actually have conceived of... No, recreating a state that had not existed for virtually 2,000 years, the 19th century, and never existed again. Well, I mean, the notion of state, yes, okay, you're right, I was using the term state loosely. I'm really basically ignorant, so recently I was reading and I thought, hmm. How can you achieve that? The Second Temple was built by Cyrus the Great as part of a team to suppress these people to ideologically support the military oppression as you know. And the one after that was built by? And then the one after that was built by Herod, who was the Roman governor. Yes, yes, who was the Roman prophet. He said this is the great condition that you should believe in, that you should try to subjugate something with your own religion. But how can they celebrate these temperatures? It's quite inconsistent to celebrate these temperatures. And the great Jewish prophet is in the Babylonian exile, but what they keep saying during the Babylonian exile... I would say none of you are true to Judaism. They themselves point out that there aren't any Jews here except for them. It's like the Roman Republic. No, in the Babylonian exile. And the prophets were so remembered to this day. What they're doing is they're condemning everyone for apostasy. It's a religion that only existed as a process. Well, like the Roman Republic, which only existed generations ago.

30:00 There used to be this great republic. Yes, yes. Perfect. That's cool. Well, for a long time, of course, they didn't even, I mean, it wasn't even formally, there wasn't even formally emperor. I mean, Augustus was prince. I'm talking about the republic that preceded the empire, that people are always saying, we used to have this great republic, but they always said we used to. Nobody ever said we have a republic. They always used to have a republic. Yeah, but I mean, I obviously don't know enough about early human history, but you probably have to. If you go back to the time of Scipio and the Punic Wars, they probably did feel that they could have, I don't know, there must have been something from which they were... According to the Oxford account that I have recently read, they were doing exactly the same thing as now. In other words, there was this dictator, apparently, who had the wonderful device, telling people, this is a democracy, that means you can vote. And then had a propaganda machine which could convince enough people to always vote for the war that he wanted. And what kind of democracy is that really? Certainly the reported history of Athenian politics. The same thing that now the Americans say, well, you have to have a certain system of voting, then we'll recognize these things. The voting system is more often a mechanism for anti-democracy. But the topology of democracy leaves out of account the major role of the collective propaganda, just pretends that doesn't exist, the people spontaneously have these individual opinions and so on and so forth... We're all free agents, you know. We're all free agents, you know. We're the free agents, you know. Free, we're the free agents. Everybody is free to go and dine at the Ritz, whenever they wish to do so. I mean, provide, you know, no, no, see footnote, page five, you know. Free not to work, if you wish, if you know. If you don't mind being thrown out because you haven't got... Yes, and you're free to starve if you don't want to work. Exactly. It's about freedom. Freedom to starve, but freedom to starve.

32:30 You're not free to live under bridges. No, that's right. You're not even free to starve if you're not working because you're only allowed to starve in particular locations. You're certainly not allowed to starve underneath the windows of the, you know, the Habsburg of the King's Palace, or as you say, under the bridges, or near the gates of the naval dockyard, or whatever the various self-regulations were, but provided you go away and starve where, you know, you're not going to be so obnoxious and offensive to the view of the rich, then yes, you're perfectly free to starve. Really? That would surprise me. Really? I didn't know that. I imagine the Japanese would probably go... A place I've always wanted to see. This place is a beautiful city. Oh, Witten and the Cardinal. Yeah, yeah, yeah, because some of those are quite illuminating. Okay. Provide lots of little... One of those moments of brilliance. Yeah, yeah, well I thought that too. All those little things. Yeah. Maybe I won't remember later what they mean, but... Well, I think I can remember from hearing the talk what most of them mean, and the others, the ones that I want to ask you about. So, yeah. Okay. Sounds good. I'm sorry, no, I had two beers, but the only problem is I have no, because of getting lost on the cube, I have to take a bus, so. Can I use my card? No, but I have to do it. I have more than most. Is there any way I can do part of it on my... Well, the only problem is I have only got three dollars left in the US cash. I'll pay for you, I'll pay for you. No, but then I insist on... Well, then I can settle up with you when I give you the check for the, uh, for the, um, for the, uh, I had, yeah, I know, that's it, Richard, I had, well, I think I had, I had 50, and I ended up having to pay an absolute price.

35:00 Yeah, and then disappear when we got to the Art Museum and never saw it again. So we weren't able to get it off, I don't think, literally, but it just, you know, disappeared. And I had to leave the Art Museum in order to go back to get the folder. Oh, I'm sorry. No, no, no, it's okay. It was actually quite good because I got to ride the subway here, which is actually a very good system. Thanks again for being here. In fact, that may be the most valuable part, because the other things can be retrieved. Yes, the other things can all be, all I have to do is to Google, and I should think I should trace the other things. That's for my tutor. Yes, that's right. Well, I'll probably get on to you about them anyway, but certainly the notes. I have some more. Would you like some scraps of paper as well? Well, we'll go ahead. We have to be thinking about your NACLAS for getting it online. Well, not for many years. Many, many years, I trust. I have to put all this in other things that occurred to me, especially in France. What we have to do is to get the many recordings of the making of your talks and your contributions to those lectures and the feed of the videos. ...chapter view since 1989 into proper order and for you to, and to try to finish transcribing at least the most important stuff, like the conversations with Pierre and Colin three years ago, so that you can start editing them down, I think, very well. The central part is still the Florence lectures. Oh, yes, yes. Which, of course, we're all recording on video. Oh, I know. We've even transcribed them. Oh, you've... Oh, that's okay. I'm so sorry. I've literally only got three left in American money. I paid for the books in American cash. Okay. Can I just run and use the restroom before? That's probably our cab out there now.

37:30 This is basically simple, but conceptually it forms a very, very difficult subject, I agree. From the conceptual point of view? I think it's a more difficult and demanding subject from the conceptual viewpoint than quantum theory. It was admitted from the inception by Einstein in 1970, until 1970, there was no... No real experimental support. I'd say it was a little earlier than 1970s perhaps, but certainly no earlier than the 1960s. Oh no, certainly not. It was always the classic, there were always just three experimental tests relatively. When you look carefully exactly they were not so, absolutely. They're not convincing at all, you know, the perihelion, the effect, they were repeated over and over and over and over, but when I took them... But for 50 years, there was no such thing as experimental relativity. From Einstein's death until, sorry, from the time that Einstein formulated theory until his death, and for some while after, but certainly until his death, there was really no experimental relativity at all. And you see, there was a test, I mean. Well, if you look carefully, I mean, there was less convincing. Yeah. Much less convincing. But with the space exploration first, and then the new generation of telescopes. Yes, and of course the fact that cosmology began to become a serious observational discipline. Which it certainly wasn't before, you know, say 1955. In 1955 it was just all sheer speculative, just building speculative models and arguing about first principles and look at the amount of energy that went into the argument between the steady state people and the big bang people. I told you I started my career in radio astronomy. I didn't know that actually. Well, not for long, because I discovered very soon it was not my cup of tea. But for various reasons, personal connection and so on, I wanted to participate just to the fore. But it was just at that time, in the 50s, we were just beginning to build it.

40:00 And I was thinking to myself, not yet making observations, just making dreams. It was very much the British who forged ahead on the instrumental side in radio astronomy. They were the people who built the first large phased array radio telescopes. And that's a real observation we have started in the... Yes, yes. It was quite interesting development in Britain because it was an illustration of the very great flexibility and vision on the part of a science administrator who I think deserves far greater credit because I think he was one of the greatest general administrators and administrators and strategists that there has ever been in science and that was Bragg, Lawrence Bragg, who of course was the... He got the Nobel Prize for crystallography, but was also Rutherford's successor as the director of the Cavendish Laboratory. And he saw very clearly in 1945 that the days of big physics in Cambridge were over. The Americans, the physics would obviously be the dominant field in terms of the caliber of the people it would attract. And the funding it would attract. But the British were not going to be able to compete with the Americans. They were also not going to be able to compete at the experimental level. They would never be able to afford to build big particle accelerators. And therefore, although they could continue to do very good work on the theoretical side, whatever could be done. ...with a blackboard, they would certainly be able to do. They would have to hand the leadership of the field to the Americans as far as the experimental work was concerned. So, what should they do instead? And the answer he came to was, you know, he turned around the British science effort. And British science funding, with incredible speed after the war, on the basis of this insight, was, first of all, radio astronomy, a completely new field, which didn't exist, of course, well, because radar hadn't existed. There was a great deal of surface radar equipment left behind from the war, and it was simply a question of... That was the way we started.

42:30 Exactly. You just took the old world wartime radars and pointed them at the sky. Yes, exactly. But, you see, Bragg saw in 1945 that that was what they should do, and they started doing it, I mean, immediately in Britain in 1945, and obviously began to plan for much larger scale radio telescopes, but they were onto that straight away, I mean, even almost before the war ended, and the other area which he foresaw would be extremely important was molecular biology, which is why he encouraged people like Crick to change their majors from physics. And within five years, six years of his assuming the leadership of the Cambridge laboratory, Cambridge was the world center for both molecular biology and radio astronomy, which of course were completely new fields, which hadn't existed in 1945. So I think he was a very visionary administrator and deserves a... He was a very eccentric and interesting man. He had a great love of gardening, but because during the war, because he sat on so many committees and was involved in so much direction, so much wartime research, and he only had a tiny little pied-a-terre in London without a garden, he, at weekends when he wanted some recreation, he very much got his recreation through gardening. He dressed up as an old tramp and he went to the houses of these rich people who had houses on the southern side of the park, high parking lot in places like Kensington, who, although in rather reduced circumstances because of the war, were still wealthy enough to afford to employ a gardener. Madame, Monsieur, Bonjour, Monsieur le commandant, permettez-moi de vous souhaiter à tous la bienvenue à bord. The door is closed, everyone is here, so we're going to leave. But before we leave, we have to unwind the wings. So a little bit of noise, a little bit of colored product that you will notice on the right wing and the left wing. The operation takes about ten minutes. And we will leave for Paris in six hours and a half. Five and forty minutes of flight, sorry, a little less than six hours, relatively strong winds on the Atlantic, some risk of turbulence during the night. An arrival in the early morning at 6 a.m. in Paris, so a slight advance in time.

45:00 The sky is covered in Paris and a slightly warmer temperature than in Boston, 9 degrees. I wish you all a great trip and I wish you a great company of commercial crew. Let's see if there's anyone who can tell us what's going on.